40 American History Community Health

 Host A 107 40 for Community Health American History

 

I need 40, PLEASE add what you think is important

 

THE GENERAL IDEA: In American History course, members of the community will tell of their expertise from the movement through the Bering Land Bridge (at that time) to, let’s say, a Mars Colony and beyond. This will give students perspective, and make for a good course, with manual and membership site for return on investment. Student, Presenters, Employees, and School System as whole will get ‘shares’. Goal: Someone carries it on.

 

**Roseto Effect (see below)

 

General-purpose technologies (GPTs) are technologies that can affect an entire economy (usually at a national or global level).[1][2][3] GPTs have the potential to drastically alter societies through their impact on pre-existing economic and social structures. The archetypal examples of GPTs are the steam engine, electricity, and information technology. Other examples include the railroad, interchangeable parts, electronics, material handling, mechanization, control theory (automation), the automobile, the computer, the Internet, medicine, and artificial intelligence, in particular generative pre-trained transformers.

 

In economics, it is theorized that initial adoption of a new GPT within an economy may, before improving productivity, actually decrease it,[4] due to: time required for development of new infrastructure; learning costs; and, obsolescence of old technologies and skills. This can lead to a "productivity J-curve" as unmeasured intangible assets are built up and then harvested. [5] Impending timeframe to utilize the latent benefits of the new technology is deemed a trade-off. Spin-out firms/inventors from organizations that had developed GPTs play an important role in developing applications for GPTs. However, it has been observed that the level of cumulative innovation in GPTs diminishes as more spin-outs into application development occur.[6]

 

Historical GPT according to Lipsey and Carlaw

Economists Richard Lipsey and Kenneth Carlaw suggest that there have only been 24 technologies in history that can be classified as true GPTs.[7] They define a transforming GPT according to the four criteria listed below:

 

is a single, recognisable generic technology

initially has much scope for improvement but comes to be widely used across the economy

has many different uses

creates many spillover effects

Since their book, more GPTs have been added for the 21st century.[by whom?]

 

A GPT can be a product, a process or an organisational system.

 

Foundational

The earliest technologies mentioned by Lipsey and Carlaw occur before the Neolithic period and have not been cast as GPTs, however, they are innovations that the other 24 rely upon.

 

Classification      Date

1--Spoken Language       process Pre-10,000 BC

2--Clothing          product Pre-10,000 BC

3--Mastery of fire             process Pre-10,000 BC

4--Coil pottery   product Pre-10,000 BC

5--Weapons (sharp-edged tools)               product Pre-10,000 BC

Expanded list of 25 technologies

GPT        Spillover Effects Date      Classification

6--Domestication of plants           Neolithic agricultural revolution 9000-8000 BC    process

7--Domestication of animals        Neolithic agricultural revolution, working animals              8500-7500 BC    process

8--Smelting of ore            early metal tools              8000-7000 BC    process

9--Money            trade, record keeping    9000–6000 BC   process

10--Wheel           mechanization, potter's wheel   4000–3000 BC   product

11--Writing         trade, record keeping, poetry     3400-3200 BC    process

12--Bronze          tools and weapons          2800 BC                product

13--Iron                tools and weapons          1200 BC                product

14--Water wheel              inanimate power, mechanical systems   Early Middle Ages            product

15--Three-masted sailing ship     discovery of the New World, maritime trade, colonialism               15th century                product

16---Printing       knowledge economy, science education, financial credit 16th century      process

17--Factory system         Industrial Revolution, interchangeable parts        late 18th century             organisation

18--Steam Engine             Industrial Revolution, machine tools        late 18th century             product

19--Railways       suburbs, commuting, flexible location of factories             mid 19th century             product

20--Iron steamship          global agricultural trade, international tourism, dreadnought battleship  mid 19th century                product

21--Internal combustion engine automobile, airplane, oil industry, mobile warfare             late 19th century                product

22--Electricity     centralized power generation, factory electrification, telegraphic communication               late 19th century product

23--Automobile suburbs, commuting, shopping centres, long-distance domestic tourism 20th century      product

24--Airplane       international tourism, international sports leagues, mobile warfare           20th century      product

25--Mass production      consumerism, growth of US economy, industrial warfare               20th century      organisation

26--Computer   Digital Revolution, Internet         20th century      product

27--Lean production       Growth of Japanese economy, agile software development          20th century      organisation

28--Internet       electronic business, crowdsourcing, social networking, information warfare          20th century                product

29--Biotechnology           genetically modified food, bioengineering, gene therapy 20th century      process

30--Nanotechnology      nanomaterials, nanomedicine, quantum dot solar cell, targeted cancer therapy   21st century                product

Steam engine increased labor productivity annually by 0.34%; IT by 0.6% (1995–2005); robotics by 0.36% (1993–2007).[8]

 

31--GPT in military and defense-related procurement

In his book, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth?: Military Procurement and Technology Development, Vernon W. Ruttan, Regents Professor Emeritus in the Department of Applied Economics at the University of Minnesota, examines the impact of military and defense-related procurement on U.S. technology development.[9] Ruttan identifies the development of six general-purpose technologies:

 

Interchangeable parts and mass production

Military and commercial aircraft

Nuclear energy

Computers and semi-conductors

The Internet

The space industries

Based on his reading of the histories of these technologies, Ruttan finds that military and defense-related procurement has been a major source of technology development. He believes that the current technological landscape would look very different in the absence of military and defense-related contributions to commercial technology development. However, from his research, Ruttan determines that commercial technology development would have occurred in the absence of military procurement but more slowly, e.g., the aircraft, computer, and Internet industries. He cites nuclear power as an example of a general-purpose technology that would not have developed in the absence of military and defense-related procurement.

32—CHH: Tom Woods’ ‘How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization’

*33—Jordan: See below—‘The Case Against Western Civilization’

34—Fell: ‘America B. C.’  Much inter-continental long before Ericsson or Columbus

35--Of course, the whole GPT is Marxist, in that the means of production determine the culture. We should add, Bill of Rights and

36—Ability to make a difference. (Including: Make It Big And Keep It)

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_technology

(More there—the above is EXCERPTED)

 

Other sources: Buckminster Fuller’s list of many more inventions, a chronology, in ‘Critical Path’. Gurri on information in ‘Revolt of the Public’: Writing, Alphabet, Printing Press, Mass Media and we are in the Fifth Wave, Bible, Myths, Stephen Farrell’s view that an ancient high civilization (Great Pyramid) left clues for us to reconstruct better, ‘Hamlet’s Mill’—ancient myths tell same story…

 

*biblicalhorizons » The Case Against Western Civilization ...

biblicalhorizons.com/open-book/the-case-against...

(See James B. Jordan, The Biblical Doctrine of War, eight lectures, available from Biblical Horizons for $32.00.) Biblical manhood is not connected with hunting or with sports. The great men of the Bible were not hunters but accountants; contrast Jacob and Esau.

 

biblicalhorizons » No. 36: The Case Against Western ...

biblicalhorizons.com/open-book/no-36-the-case...

Both of these groups advocate a return to the synthetic culture called "Western Civilization," an unholy (and unstable) mixture of Greco-Roman paganism and Biblical religion.

 

**Roseto effect - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseto_effect

The Roseto effect is the phenomenon by which a close-knit community experiences a reduced rate of heart disease. The effect is named for Roseto, Pennsylvania.